師大學報

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    中美兩國藝術教育鑑賞領域實施現況之比較研究
    (國立臺灣師範大學研究發展處, 1992-06-??) 郭禎祥
    傳統的創作取向藝術教育因過度強調學生的自我表現，未能為藝術教育活動提出有效、合理、又實質的方針。由於缺乏有力的活動指引，藝術教育不易在以智能訓練為主的教育浪潮中引起人們的注意力與重視，因而產生諸多弊端。當今藝術教育取向強調「藝術是一門科學，具有學科之特質，為普通教育之必要科目，應與學校之其他科目同視之」。並主張「藝術教育之目標在於提昇吾人對藝術之瞭解與鑑賞，實兼顧感性與理性能力的培植。課程內容涵蓋藝術創作、藝術史、美學和藝術批評四個藝術領域，而要求嚴謹、具體而形諸於書面的課程；教學活動以藝術品為統合中心、課程之效度和學生之成就可以透過適當的評量方法得到證實」。這種藝術教育取向涉及目標、內容、活動和評量，具有一般教育之特質。葛利爾（Greer, 1984）便把這種藝術教育取向之特質定名為「學科取向的藝術教育（Discipline Based Art Education）」。 DBAE的觀念確立於1965年之賓州會議，許多課程發展計劃和師資在職訓練方案都以此理念為基礎。近七年來更由蓋迪中心的努力推展，成為當今藝術教育思想之主流。然而究竟當今學校藝術教育有多少能反應、實施DBAE之理念教學？基於探究實際與理論的銜接性、本研究以比較文化實徵研究法，有系統的進行中、美兩國藝術教育鑑賞領域實施現況之剖析。 本比較文化實徵研究係試圖了解中、美兩國各年齡層學生在學校實施藝術教育後，如何構成一種體系去影響文化力量。因此進行藝術鑑賞領域－藝術史、美學、藝術批評等三層面的學習成效測驗，以驗證是否學校藝術教育能具體提供涵蓋廣泛而完整的藝術教育內容。 本研究之實驗對象為中美兩國國小二、四、六年級，國中二年級，和高中二年級學生共1201名。其中臺灣學生722名，美國學生479名。根據學科之內容及本質設計並配合最適當的教學評量法，而採取筆試與視覺辨識法進行測驗。 中美兩國學生測驗結果顯示： 一、中美兩國學生藝術鑑賞學科綜合總平均分數，在兒童不同的認知發展階段皆有顯著的差異，學生藝術鑑賞之知能隨年齡的增長而日趨增加。 本研究結果提供並驗證皮亞傑學派兒童知覺發展與美感判斷及藝術知能層面發展在比較文化實徵上獲一定而確認的一致性。 二、中美兩國學生藝術鑑賞測驗分數大體上在具體運思期與形式運思期之間無顯著差異。 本研究雖基於發展心理學與兒童藝術發展階段發現學生之藝術鑑賞能力於具體運思期與形式運思期之間無顯著差異，然而若能透過美感教育，藉由積極適切完善的教學，亦能促進並提昇學生之審美反應水準。 三、根據統計分析顯示，美國學生在各不同認知發展階段之藝術鑑賞測驗分數皆高於中國學生之分數。 國內藝術鑑賞教學績效不彰與觀念偏差之存在因素可歸納如下： （一）國內缺乏藝術鑑賞教育之理論基礎。 （二）國內中小學階段藝術課幾乎侷限於藝術創作的傾向，不過藝術教育還有其它重要層面。學習鑑賞視覺藝術，學習瞭解藝術在當代和過去文化中如何發揮功能也都很重要。學習從審美觀點來看視覺形式不是一件簡單的事。因此需要透過藝術課程的安排教導與學習，始能獲得複雜的審美認知技巧。美國自從蓋迪中心努力推展全國藝術教育八年來已顯現生機與績效。　　（三）國內各級學校皆缺乏專業的藝術教師，且職前教育缺乏涵蓋廣泛整體性的藝術鑑賞領域課程，師資進修管理也極其有限。　　（四）專業師資在藝術鑑賞領域之教學品質低落。 （五）藝術教育在一般教育中不被重視及不正常化。 依據本文之研究結果，研究者提出下列七項建議，作為落實並改進我國藝術教育之參考。　　一、確立並提昇藝術教育在一般學校之地位與品質。 二、正視藝術鑑賞教學在藝術教育中的重要性。 三、根據兒童認知發展過程與藝術學習心理發展之特徵，設計適當的藝術課程。 四、積極改善師資品質及師資職前訓練課程。 五、發展具體的教材資源並改進教學和評鑑的方法。 六、研究並建立適合國情的藝術教育理論。 七、設置藝術教育學術研究中心，以提昇各級學校之藝術教育品質。
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    我國與美國小學數學教育比較研究
    (國立臺灣師範大學研究發展處, 1986-06-??) 陳梅生; 吳德邦
    The main purpose of this study is focused upon a comparison study between the curriculum and teaching materials of mathematics education of the 1 st-to-6th-grade elementary schools in USA and those in the ROC. From the study, the researcher wishes to find out the differences concerned and the feature and progress of this aspect in USA so as to adept them as a valuable reference for us in the ROC. The information presented in this study is the "Mathematics Objective" published by Boston Public Elementary School Systems. After a comparison study, several conclusions and suggestions are made as follows: 1. Concerning the method of stating the outline of the content, USA adopts "behavioral objectives", which is still, absent in Taiwan, and therefore worthy to be noted as a future direction. 2. Their "problem solving" is identically our 'utilized problem' or 'word problem'. However, our word problem is quite problem-centered, 'but theirs extends to the field of daily lives. Such a method is surely a matter worthy of attention. 3. The Curriculum Objectives in USA are divided into "priority objectives" and "objec-tives". The former allows a common study for all students while the latter allows individual study for the fast-learning students. This is much needed in our country. 4. The heading of categories of the objectives in USA are as Numeration, Computation, Fraction, Decimal and Percentage, Estimation, Geometry and Measurement in the spiral pattern for development. If we are to improve our teaching materials and methods, the spiral curriculum pattern seems to be most likely feasible.
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    中國套色版畫發展史之研究(一)
    (國立臺灣師範大學研究發展處, 1985-06-??) 王秀雄
    This study deals with the development trend and technique evolution of the multi-colored woodblock printing from T'ang to Ming Dynasty. From the most ancient Chinese-ink woodblock printing "the Buddha Sakyumuni preaching in a garden, on the flyleaf of Diamond Sutra" down to the various kinds of multi-colored woodblock printing typified by "Shih-chu-chai ch'ien-p'u", in which the highly developed techni-ques were revealed. Between the most ancient and the above-mentioned multi-colored woodblock printing, a total of 876 years elapsed (868-1644). The technique evolution throughout these years could be roughly divided into three periods: (1) A change from Chinese-ink (black and white) woodblock printing to red-and-Chinese-ink woodblock printing. (2) The primitive stage of multi-colored blockwood printing: Blockwood printing with colored outline. (3) The golden age of multi-colored: Completion of multi-colored blockwood printing and low-relief-embossing techniques.As a matter of course, there were works and developed techniques representative of each of these periods. This study gives a detailed description of each of the typical works of art and evolution of the unique techniques.
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    中國體育的史學研究
    (國立臺灣師範大學研究發展處, 1981-06-??) 樊正治
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    中國傳統文化與三民主義
    (國立臺灣師範大學研究發展處, 1982-06-??) 宋繼榮
    In China slogans, "Democracy" and "Science" were adopted during the New Culture Movement" in 1919. Most Chinese in those days were imbued with the idea of westernization to such an extent that they neglected the old moral tradition. Also, the scientific achievements in ancient China did not arrest their attention. As a matter of act, the scientific knowledge of the Chinese in ancient times was as broad as that of the western people. Emperor Yao (2357 B. C.? - 2257 B. C. ?), the legendary sovereign of Chinese people, was very much concerned with the celetial phenomena because of its influence on the mundane affairs. Some fifty years later, Emperor Yu (2205 B. C. ? - 2160 B. C. ?), another sovereign, controlled successfully the flood of the Yellow River. These two examples proved at least one thing: the Chinese people in ancient tune had strong interest in sciences.In 1966, the late President Chiang Kai-shek promulgated "the Cultural Renaissance Movement". The purpose of themovement is to reemphasize the old moral tradition conpled with the recognition of profound scientific knowledge and ability the Chinese people have had. It goes without saying that the renova-tion is not the restoration of something old, but the reevaluation of them. It is logical that the Chinese cultural heritage should be extolled and broadened in order to enact the Three Principles of the People ("San Min Chu I") as indicated by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, founder of the Republic of China.Dr. Sun said, "there is an old moral tradition held continuously by Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Yu, Duke Chou and Confucius. My philosophy, in a word, is an inheritance of the tradition which is worth to be brightened and broadened."The following words related closely to the Chinese moral tradition were stated clearly in the Book of History ("Shang Shu"):-People are the basis on which a nation is established. To fortify the basis is to make a nation formidable.-To rectify the moral principles, to utilize the available mat