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Item 粵北土話小稱調的類型分析:優選理論的探索(2012-09-??) 鄭明中; Ming-Chung Cheng粵北土話小稱調已為不少文獻所探討，但大都侷限在語料描寫，理論分析甚少。因此，本文利用優選理論對粵北土話小稱調進行分析。本文首先回顧粵北土話小稱調的形成，並提出一組忠實|生與標記性的制約，加以不同的階層排序。研究結果顯示，優選理論可以妥善地處理粵北土話小稱調的調域選取與調形組成。此外，本文基於1憂選理論在語言類型預測上的主張，特別探討制約互動在粵北土話小稱調的調域及調形上所產生的類型，並進而說明語音標記性是造成某些類型缺乏的主因。Item 中美兩國藝術教育鑑賞領域實施現況之比較研究(國立臺灣師範大學研究發展處, 1992-06-??) 郭禎祥傳統的創作取向藝術教育因過度強調學生的自我表現，未能為藝術教育活動提出有效、合理、又實質的方針。由於缺乏有力的活動指引，藝術教育不易在以智能訓練為主的教育浪潮中引起人們的注意力與重視，因而產生諸多弊端。當今藝術教育取向強調「藝術是一門科學，具有學科之特質，為普通教育之必要科目，應與學校之其他科目同視之」。並主張「藝術教育之目標在於提昇吾人對藝術之瞭解與鑑賞，實兼顧感性與理性能力的培植。課程內容涵蓋藝術創作、藝術史、美學和藝術批評四個藝術領域，而要求嚴謹、具體而形諸於書面的課程；教學活動以藝術品為統合中心、課程之效度和學生之成就可以透過適當的評量方法得到證實」。這種藝術教育取向涉及目標、內容、活動和評量，具有一般教育之特質。葛利爾（Greer, 1984）便把這種藝術教育取向之特質定名為「學科取向的藝術教育（Discipline Based Art Education）」。 DBAE的觀念確立於1965年之賓州會議，許多課程發展計劃和師資在職訓練方案都以此理念為基礎。近七年來更由蓋迪中心的努力推展，成為當今藝術教育思想之主流。然而究竟當今學校藝術教育有多少能反應、實施DBAE之理念教學？基於探究實際與理論的銜接性、本研究以比較文化實徵研究法，有系統的進行中、美兩國藝術教育鑑賞領域實施現況之剖析。 本比較文化實徵研究係試圖了解中、美兩國各年齡層學生在學校實施藝術教育後，如何構成一種體系去影響文化力量。因此進行藝術鑑賞領域－藝術史、美學、藝術批評等三層面的學習成效測驗，以驗證是否學校藝術教育能具體提供涵蓋廣泛而完整的藝術教育內容。 本研究之實驗對象為中美兩國國小二、四、六年級，國中二年級，和高中二年級學生共1201名。其中臺灣學生722名，美國學生479名。根據學科之內容及本質設計並配合最適當的教學評量法，而採取筆試與視覺辨識法進行測驗。 中美兩國學生測驗結果顯示： 一、中美兩國學生藝術鑑賞學科綜合總平均分數，在兒童不同的認知發展階段皆有顯著的差異，學生藝術鑑賞之知能隨年齡的增長而日趨增加。 本研究結果提供並驗證皮亞傑學派兒童知覺發展與美感判斷及藝術知能層面發展在比較文化實徵上獲一定而確認的一致性。 二、中美兩國學生藝術鑑賞測驗分數大體上在具體運思期與形式運思期之間無顯著差異。 本研究雖基於發展心理學與兒童藝術發展階段發現學生之藝術鑑賞能力於具體運思期與形式運思期之間無顯著差異，然而若能透過美感教育，藉由積極適切完善的教學，亦能促進並提昇學生之審美反應水準。 三、根據統計分析顯示，美國學生在各不同認知發展階段之藝術鑑賞測驗分數皆高於中國學生之分數。 國內藝術鑑賞教學績效不彰與觀念偏差之存在因素可歸納如下： （一）國內缺乏藝術鑑賞教育之理論基礎。 （二）國內中小學階段藝術課幾乎侷限於藝術創作的傾向，不過藝術教育還有其它重要層面。學習鑑賞視覺藝術，學習瞭解藝術在當代和過去文化中如何發揮功能也都很重要。學習從審美觀點來看視覺形式不是一件簡單的事。因此需要透過藝術課程的安排教導與學習，始能獲得複雜的審美認知技巧。美國自從蓋迪中心努力推展全國藝術教育八年來已顯現生機與績效。 （三）國內各級學校皆缺乏專業的藝術教師，且職前教育缺乏涵蓋廣泛整體性的藝術鑑賞領域課程，師資進修管理也極其有限。 （四）專業師資在藝術鑑賞領域之教學品質低落。 （五）藝術教育在一般教育中不被重視及不正常化。 依據本文之研究結果，研究者提出下列七項建議，作為落實並改進我國藝術教育之參考。 一、確立並提昇藝術教育在一般學校之地位與品質。 二、正視藝術鑑賞教學在藝術教育中的重要性。 三、根據兒童認知發展過程與藝術學習心理發展之特徵，設計適當的藝術課程。 四、積極改善師資品質及師資職前訓練課程。 五、發展具體的教材資源並改進教學和評鑑的方法。 六、研究並建立適合國情的藝術教育理論。 七、設置藝術教育學術研究中心，以提昇各級學校之藝術教育品質。Item Sex differences in the trajectories of and factors related to extracurricular sport participation and exercise: a cohort study spanning 13 years(2020-11-02) Wu, Wen-Chi; Chang, Ling-Yin; Luh, Dih-Ling; Wu, Chi-Chen; Stanaway, Fiona; Yen, Lee-Lan; Chang, Hsing-YiAbstract Background Extracurricular sport participation and exercise (ESPE) refers to regular exercise/sport participation in addition to the physical education in school among a school-aged population. Rather than general physical activity, ESPE is typically deliberately initiated and presents an efficient target for interventions. However, compared to physical activity, relatively few studies have investigated sex differences in the development of and factors associated with ESPE using a person-centered approach. This study aimed to examine the latent trajectories of ESPE from childhood to emerging adulthood across sexes, and to identify the associated sex-specific individual (i.e., body mass index, body dissatisfaction, stress, and screen behavior) and parental (i.e., parental exercise and parental screen behavior) factors. Methods This study used data from part of the Child and Adolescent Behavior in Long-term Evolution (CABLE) project, which comprised 2072 fourth graders (aged 9 years) in Northern Taiwan followed annually from 2001 to 2013 (13 waves). Repeated-measures latent class analysis was used to identify the trajectories of ESPE for males and females, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression was further used to identify sex-specific factors related to ESPE. Results Four trajectories of ESPE were identified for males and females. For males, these trajectories were Rarely-to-Never (20%), Often-to-Rarely (32%), Always-to-Never (21%), and Always (27%). For females, these trajectories were Rarely-to-Never (34%), Rarely (23%), Always-to-Rarely (33%), and Always (10%). We observed that the developmental patterns of ESPE varied by sex such that there was an earlier decline in the trajectories of ESPE in females than in males and that, compared with males, fewer females maintained exercise habits in young adulthood. Furthermore, we found several sex-specific factors related to ESPE, namely, stress, BMI, and parental exercise. Body dissatisfaction and individual screen behavior were associated with trajectories of ESPE for both sexes. Conclusions We found distinct trajectories of ESPE from childhood to emerging adulthood for both sexes. The trajectories of ESPE for males and females, however, differ in terms of patterns and associated factors. Our findings suggest that efforts to increase ESPE should be initiated early, and may be made more effective by considering sex differences.Item Prison sentencing increases the risk of unemployment among illegal heroin users in Taiwan(2020-10-12) Lee, Charles T; Huang, Chiu-Mieh; Chang, Li-Chun; Wang, Shih-Wen; Hsu, Hsiao-Pei; Liao, Jung-Yu; Guo, Jong-LongAbstract Background Previous studies have rarely explored the effect of type of sentencing on employment status among illegal heroin users, therefore, we aims to examine the association of the sentencing types and employment outcomes among illegal heroin users in Taiwan. Methods Participants with illegal heroin use were identified through the national prison register system and deferred prosecution system: 2406 with deferred prosecutions, 4741 with observation and rehabilitation, 15 compulsory rehabilitation and 1958 sentenced to prison in calendar 2011. Logistic regression models were built to estimate the effect of sentencing type on unemployment status at 2 years after release. Stratification analysis was conducted to determine the effect of sentencing type based on the offender’s employment status before sentencing. Results Illegal heroin users receiving a prison sentence were more than twice as likely to be unemployed 2 years later than those receiving deferred prosecution. The unemployment rate was also higher for those with observation and rehabilitation and compulsory rehabilitation than deferred prosecution in the 2 years following sentencing. Males, older users, without a job before sentencing, divorced or widowed and higher prior drug use criminal records were also higher risk of unemployment. Subgroup analysis by prior employment status revealed that being sentenced to prison, observation and rehabilitation and compulsory rehabilitation affected the subsequent employment status only for those heroin users with a job before sentencing. The strength of associations showed dose-dependent relationship between different sentencing types (sentenced to prison> compulsory rehabilitation> observation and rehabilitation) and employment outcomes. Conclusions Illegal heroin users who receive a prison sentence have a much higher risk of unemployment than those who receive deferred prosecution after controlling potential confounders, especially those who had a job before sentencing. The implication is the stronger freedom of punishment, the higher risk of unemployment outcomes. Our study support that illegal heroin user is legally regarded as a patient before being regarded as a criminal, so giving priority to quit addition rather than imprisonment.Item Phloretin ameliorates hepatic steatosis through regulation of lipogenesis and Sirt1/AMPK signaling in obese mice(2020-09-29) Liou, Chian-Jiun; Wu, Shu-Ju; Shen, Szu-Chuan; Chen, Li-Chen; Chen, Ya-Ling; Huang, Wen-ChungAbstract Background Phloretin is isolated from apple trees and could increase lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Previous studies have found that phloretin could prevent obesity in mice. In this study, we investigated whether phloretin ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice, and evaluated the regulation of lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. Methods HepG2 cells were treated with 0.5 mM oleic acid to induce lipid accumulation, and then treated with phloretin to evaluate the molecular mechanism of lipogenesis. In another experiment, male C57BL/6 mice were fed normal diet or HFD (60% fat, w/w) for 16 weeks. After the fourth week, mice were treated with or without phloretin by intraperitoneal injection for 12 weeks. Results Phloretin significantly reduced excessive lipid accumulation and decreased sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, blocking the expression of fatty acid synthase in oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells. Phloretin increased Sirt1, and phosphorylation of AMP activated protein kinase to suppress acetyl-CoA carboxylase expression, reducing fatty acid synthesis in hepatocytes. Phloretin also reduced body weight and fat weight compared to untreated HFD-fed mice. Phloretin also reduced liver weight and liver lipid accumulation and improved hepatocyte steatosis in obese mice. In liver tissue from obese mice, phloretin suppressed transcription factors of lipogenesis and fatty acid synthase, and increased lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation. Furthermore, phloretin regulated serum leptin, adiponectin, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and free fatty acid levels in obese mice. Conclusions These findings suggest that phloretin improves hepatic steatosis by regulating lipogenesis and the Sirt-1/AMPK pathway in the liver.Item Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the 7-item game addiction scale (GAS) among Chinese college students(2020-10-02) Liu, Yujie; Wang, Qian; Jou, Min; Wang, Baohong; An, Yang; Li, ZifanAbstract Background The 7-item Gaming Addiction Scale (GAS) has been used as a screening tool for addictive game use worldwide, and this study aimed to examine its psychometric properties and measurement invariance among college students in China. Methods Full-time students from multiple colleges in China were recruited. A total of 1040 completed questionnaires were used in the final analysis. Reliability of the GAS was assessed by internal consistency and split-half reliability. Validity of the GAS was assessed by structural validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and concurrent validity. A series of Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MG-CFA) were conducted to test and establish measurement invariance across gender, class standing, family income and parental educational level. Results Exploratory factor analysis revealed a unidimensional structure of the GAS. The GAS exhibited excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.951, theta coefficient = 0.953, omega coefficient = 0.959) and structural validity (χ2 /df = 0.877 (p < 0.05), CFI = 0.999, TIL = 0.996, RMSEA =0.000). Concurrent validity of the GAS was confirmed by its correlation with problematic internet use, sleep quality, nine dimensions of psychiatric symptoms, and substance use. The GAS also demonstrated measurement invariance across father’s educational level (Δχ2 (df) = 19.128 (12), ΔCFI = − 0.009, ΔRMSEA = 0.010 for weak factorial model; Δχ2 (df) = 50.109 (42), ΔCFI = − 0.010, ΔRMSEA = 0.007 for strict factorial model.) and mother’s educational level (Δχ2 (df) = 6.679 (12), ΔCFI = 0.007, ΔRMSEA = − 0.010 for weak factorial model; Δχ2 (df) =49.131 (42), ΔCFI = − 0.009, ΔRMSEA = − 0.004 for strict factorial model), as well as partial measurement invariance across gender (except for item 2), class standing (except for item 7) and family income (except for item 5). Conclusions The Chinese version of the 7-item GAS can be an adequate assessment tool to assess internet gaming disorder among the college student population in China.Item A network approach to investigating the key microbes and stability of gut microbial communities in a mouse neuropathic pain model(2020-09-30) Brandon-Mong, Guo-Jie; Shaw, Grace T; Chen, Wei-Hsin; Chen, Chien-Chang; Wang, DaryiAbstract Background Neuropathic pain is an abnormally increased sensitivity to pain, especially from mechanical or thermal stimuli. To date, the current pharmacological treatments for neuropathic pain are still unsatisfactory. The gut microbiota reportedly plays important roles in inducing neuropathic pain, so probiotics have also been used to treat it. However, the underlying questions around the interactions in and stability of the gut microbiota in a spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain model and the key microbes (i.e., the microbes that play critical roles) involved have not been answered. We collected 66 fecal samples over 2 weeks (three mice and 11 time points in spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain and Sham groups). The 16S rRNA gene was polymerase chain reaction amplified, sequenced on a MiSeq platform, and analyzed using a MOTHUR- UPARSE pipeline. Results Here we show that spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain alters gut microbial diversity in mice. We successfully constructed reliable microbial interaction networks using the Metagenomic Microbial Interaction Simulator (MetaMIS) and analyzed these networks based on 177,147 simulations. Interestingly, at a higher resolution, our results showed that spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain altered both the stability of the microbial community and the key microbes in a gut micro-ecosystem. Oscillospira, which was classified as a low-abundance and core microbe, was identified as the key microbe in the Sham group, whereas Staphylococcus, classified as a rare and non-core microbe, was identified as the key microbe in the spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain group. Conclusions In summary, our results provide novel experimental evidence that spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain reshapes gut microbial diversity, and alters the stability and key microbes in the gut.Item Bigger doesn’t mean bolder: behavioral variation of four wild rodent species to novelty and predation risk following a fast-slow continuum(2020-09-21) Best, Ian N; Shaner, Pei-Jen L; Lo, Hsuan-Yi; Pei, Kurtis J; Kuo, Chi-ChienAbstract Background Understanding how wild species respond to novel situations with associated risk can provide valuable insights for inter-specific behavioral variation and associations with pace-of-life (POL). Rodents, a globally distributed and diverse taxonomic group, have been the subjects of countless studies emulating risky situations. Controlled laboratory experiments with a focus on wild-caught species provide the opportunity to test fine-scale behavioral responses to contexts of risk with ecological implications. For example, assessing the importance of predator cues eliciting antipredator responses, as well as whether wild rodents embody behavioral plasticity and repertoires, illustrated by habituation and variation in behavioral traits, respectively. Results In this comparative study, we examined multiple behavioral responses of four rodent species in eastern Taiwan (three native species Mus caroli, Apodemus agrarius, Rattus losea, and one invasive, Rattus exulans) exposed to an unfamiliar microenvironment and novel cue from an allopatric predator, the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). All wild-caught animals were subjected to two consecutive nights of experimental trials in a laboratory setting. Behavioral responses to a novel situation during the first trial differed between species; smaller species investing more time in non-defensive behaviors compared to the larger species. More specifically, the smaller species M. caroli and A. agrarius allocated more time to exploration and foraging, whereas the larger rat species R. exulans and R. losea spent more time motionless or concealing. During the second trial, the addition of leopard cat cues did not elicit antipredator behaviors, but rather, rodents were found to exhibit increased non-defensive behaviors, specifically foraging efforts. Conclusions Our results suggest that these four species do largely follow a behavioral fast-slow continuum with the two smaller mice species demonstrating increased boldness in a novel context compared to the larger rat species. Also, the wild populations of rodents in eastern Taiwan may be naïve to leopard cats. Finally, the rodents in our study demonstrated habituation to the microenvironment, indicating they possess adaptive capacity.Item 108年大專校院圖書館重要記事(2020-09) 柯, 皓仁Item 中學生考試壓力與個人特性：潛在類別分析(國立臺灣師範大學, 2019-09-??) 趙子揚; 宋曜廷; Tzu-Yang Chao, Yao-Ting Sung本研究欲將個人特性納入既有的中學生考試壓力架構之中，並檢驗中學生之考試壓力與其個人特性之關係，驗證高考試壓力且中成就的學生，其個人特性上有特定的組型，包含較高的不確定性、神經性、低自尊、外控性，以及較低的外向性。本研究採分層隨機抽樣，共召募了1,858名臺灣九年級學生完成問卷填答。在問卷上，本研究採用中學生考試壓力量表，以測量學生考試壓力的程度，同時以自編之26題二元計分的個人特性問卷，作為個人特性的測量；在學業成就方面，本研究以學生在2014年之國中教育會考分數作為指標；在資料分析方面，本研究以潛在類別分析，以學生考試壓力、學業成就及個人特性之作答資料，將學生進行分類。結果發現，以本研究所蒐集之資料而言，將學生分為四類最為適當，並將這四類學生分別命名為高壓中成就組（22%）、中壓高成就組（26%）、低壓中成就組（32%）及低壓低成就組（20%）。相較於中壓高成就組及低壓中成就組的學生，高壓中成就組的學生有較高的不確定性、神經性、低自尊、外控性，以及較低的外向性，此結果與先前理論相符。同時，研究結果也發現，低壓低成就組的學生亦有較高的低自尊，以及程度中等的不確定性及外控性。研究結果顯示，中學生的考試壓力與其個人特性有關聯性，除了驗證先前理論可能影響壓力的神經性、外向性、自尊及外控性等個人特性之外，也說明學生的不確定性可能是影響考試壓力的其中一項個人特性。本研究將就中學生考試壓力與個人特性的關係進行討論，並提出教育實務上的建議。