基於定位摩克樹區塊鏈存證的分散式綠電憑證發放與稽核之實作與研究

Abstract

在環保意識日趨重要的時代，再生能源成了各國努力發展的重點，綠電憑證作為再生能源的來源認證，在綠電交易市場中扮演重要角色。然而，現行的綠電憑證系統過於中心化，所有憑證均由國家再生能源憑證中心查核與發放，不僅認證過程透明度不足，更存在資料安全風險。由於缺乏完整的發電履歷追蹤機制，綠電憑證難以完全杜絕電量重複計算的疑慮。此外，家用太陽能板等小型發電設備，因發電量小且因憑證中心人工審核成本高，面臨申請與稽核困難。為解決上述問題，本文提出一種結合區塊鏈與定位摩克樹（tp-Merkle tree）[20]技術之資料存證與稽核方法作為解決方案。透過區塊鏈的不可竄改、公開透明和去中心化特性，實行綠電資料存證，藉此保障資料的安全性。然而，擁有較高安全性的公有區塊鏈面臨了存證成本高昂的問題，若要對發電資料逐筆存證實務上並不可行，因此本論文採用定位摩克樹技術將發電資料存證，利用一筆鏈上紀錄即可稽核多筆鏈下發電資料，實現了利用智能合約在公有區塊鏈進行存證的低成本分散式綠電憑證發放與稽核方案。此外，透過結合前述技術產出的區塊鏈密碼學證據，檢驗存證資料是否存在時間重疊，便能快速稽核電量重複計算的問題。這些方法能確保憑證可信度，並且加強綠電履歷的可追溯性，提供小型電站更具經濟效益的稽核方式，增加小型電站參與綠能生態系的可能性，也能有效解決現行憑證發放與稽核的效率問題。In the era where people's environmental awareness has raised, green energy has become a key focus for countries worldwide. Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), also known as Green Energy Certificates, play a crucial role in the green electricity trading market as the certification of the renewable energy sources. However, current green electricity certificate systems are overly centralized, with all certificates being verified and issued by the National Renewable Energy Certificate Center. The existing approach leadsto insufficient transparency in the certification process and potential data security risks. Due to the absence of a comprehensive mechanism for tracking power generation history, green electricity certificates cannot eliminate concerns about double counting of electricity. Furthermore, small-scale power stations, such as household solar panels, face difficulties in applying for and undergoing audits due to their relatively low power generation, and the manual verification costs can impose a significant burden on the certificate center.To address these issues, this paper proposes a solution combining blockchain technology with a tp-Merkle tree[20] data attestation and auditing method. By leveraging the immutable, transparent, and decentralized nature of blockchain, green energy data can be securely attested, thus ensuring data security. However, public blockchains with higher security face the challenge of high attestation costs, making it impractical to attest power generation data on a transaction-by-transaction basis. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of tp-Merkle tree technology to attest power generation data, utilizing a single on-chain record to verify multiple off-chain power generation data, providing a low-cost, decentralized solution for issuing and auditing green electricity certificates through smart contracts on public blockchains. Moreover, by integrating the proof generated from the technologies, the system can efficiently verify whether the attested data contains time overlapping, thereby solving the issue of inefficient double counting electricity validation.These methods ensure the credibility of the certificates and enhances the traceability of green electricity records, offering a more economically viable audit approach for small-scale power stations. It also increases the potential for small-scale power stations to participate in the green energy ecosystem, and effectively solves the efficiency problem of the current certificate issuance process.