防守起始距離與動作對三分跳投之影響

Abstract

跳投作為籃球比賽中最主要的得分方式，尤其在三分線外的應用，已成為現代籃球戰術的核心。然而，實戰中防守壓力對跳投表現有顯著影響，過去研究多以靜態方式探討有無防守者的差異，較少深入分析防守者的起始距離與動作型態如何動態影響跳投技術調整與表現。本研究探討不同防守起始距離（距三分線3.5、2.5、1.5公尺）及防守動作型態（舉手與否）對大專女子籃球選手三分跳投表現之影響。八位大專公開一級女子籃球選手於六種防守情境下各進行十次三分跳投，除紀錄投籃結果外，並以高速攝影與數位擷取系統記錄跳投各階段動作時間及投籃相關運動學參數。投籃結果以卡方獨立性考驗檢驗各情境與出手結果之關聯性，投籃相關運動學參數以3（防守起始距離）× 2（防守動作）重複量數變異數分析進行統計檢驗，顯著水準設為 α=.0051。結果顯示，在舉手防守下，命中率隨距離增加而提升，投籃結果僅短距離與被封阻有高關聯。整體動作時間、下蹲準備期隨防守距離增加而延長；短距離防守情境下出手角度與髖最高點顯著較高；防守舉手時出手角度有隨距離縮短而增大的趨勢。球出手高度受到是否舉手防守的影響，尤其在短距離下舉手防守的出手高度高於其他情境。短距離防守的球出手速度較長距離低。整體而言，跳投者會根據防守起始距離與動作調整動作，建議跳投訓練宜模擬比賽情境增加防守動作以提升實戰適應力。The jump shot is a primary scoring technique in basketball, especially from the three-point line, and has become a core component of modern basketball strategy. However, defensive pressure significantly impacts jump shot performance. Previous studies often analyzed the difference with and without a defender statically, rarely exploring how a defender's starting distance and actions influence a shooter’s technical adjustments and performance. This study investigated the effects of different defensive starting distances (3.5, 2.5, and 2.5 m from the 3-point line) and defensive actions (hand-up or hand-down) on the three-point jump shot performance of female collegiate basketball players. Eight Division I female collegiate basketball players performed ten three-point jump shots in each of the six defensive conditions. In addition to recordingthe shooting results, a high-speed camera and a motion capture system were used to digitize the timing of each jump shot phase and kinematic parameters. A Chi-square test of independence was used to examine the relationship between defensive conditions and shooting outcomes. Kinematic variables were analyzed using a 3 (defensive starting distance) × 2 (defensive action) repeated measures ANOVA, with the significance level set at α=.0051. The results showed that when the defender's hand was up, the shooting percentage increased with distance, and only at the short distance was there a positive association with being blocked. Overall movement time and preparation time increased with defensive distance. The release angle and maximum hip height were significantly higher when defender came from the shortest distance. When the defender's hands were up, the release angle tended to increase as the distance shortened. Ball release height was influenced by whether the defender had their hands up. The release height in the short-distance, hands-up condition is higher than in all other scenarios. Ball release velocity in the short-distance defense was lower than in the long-distance defense. In conclusion, shooters adjust their movements based on defender’s starting distance and actions. We suggest that jump shot training should simulate game scenarios with defensive actions to provide players with opportunity to develop shooting adaptability.