Auf welsche Manier: The Reception of Italian Architecture at the Neue Bau in Augsburg (1614)

Abstract

位於德國南部奧克斯堡（Augsburg）的Neuer Bau（1614）為見證義大利文藝復興藝術轉化至阿爾卑斯山以北地區的經典代表建築。在建築形式尚為晚期哥德式風格主宰的奧克斯堡當地，Neuer Bau的設計更具展現歐洲南北藝術交流意義。這棟座落於奧克斯堡培爾拉赫廣場（Perlachplatz）的文藝復興城市宅邸式建築（city palace），為德國文藝復興建築師Elias Holl（1573–1646）所興建。Holl不僅為奧克斯堡的首席城市規畫建築師，更以其興建、宏偉壯觀的奧克斯堡市政廳建築（City Hall，1615–1620）而名留於西方建築史中。雖然該建築坐落於奧克斯堡市中心精華地帶，但該建築迄今尚未以專論方式研究之。本篇論文即以該棟建築為研究主體，嘗試由建築史、立面設計及義大利十六世紀建築形式之影響等觀點進行首次深入探討。 本篇論文由下列三部分組成： 第一部份聚焦奧克斯堡與義大利間文化交流歷史背景之探索並重建建築師Holl領受義大利文藝復興建築之方式：1600冬季進行之威尼斯之旅及其對義大利建築理論之研究。如同與Holl同時代的英國建築師Inigo Jones（1573–1646）二度赴義大利研究文藝復興藝術（1598–1603；1613–14）一般，在義大利當地進行實地建築研究已成為十六世紀阿爾卑斯山以北文藝復興建築師重要學習過程。而Holl威尼斯學習之旅的重要性及其對Neuer Bau造型影響將於此詳細探討。 第二部份將以歷史回顧為主，檢視Neuer Bau興建起因、各時期建築變更及建物主體之損失。鑒於二次大戰後對Neuer Bau所進行之改變性重建工作影響現今觀者對該建築外觀形體之領受，此結構性改變對整體建築形式之影響亦將於本章進行探討。 第三部份以Neuer Bau立面設計及柱式系統進行分析並重新檢視十六世紀義大利代表性城市宅邸建築對本棟建築立面設計之影響。而Bramante位於羅馬的Palazzo Caprini（約1510）、威尼斯市中心及建築師Michele Sanmicheli（1484– 1559）、Jacopo Sansovino（1486–1570）、Andrea Palladio（1508–80）設計之城市宅邸建築更為檢視重點。同時藉由對Serlio建築理論（Venice 1584）文本內容研究，建構文藝復興建築理論對Neuer Bau立面設計之影響。另外，並將由文藝復興時期市政廣場規劃及奧克斯堡十七世紀初市中心廣場總體整建角度，檢視對Neuer Bau設計、柱式採用之影響及在Perlachplatz周遭建築環境中代表之意義。

The Neue Bau or New Building is an architectural showpiece in the very heart of Augsburg, which evidences the influence of the Italian Renaissance on southern German architecture. At the time of its creation, in 1614, the city’s urban structure was still predominated by the late Gothic style. The building was erected by Augsburg’s chief architect Elias Holl (1573–1646) in the immediate neighborhood of his Italian-style City Hall (1615–20). Both projects, the Neue Bau and the City Hall, belonged to a sophisticated program of the city center’s renovation around 1600. This master thesis studies the building’s appearance under the special aspect of the influence from the Italian Cinquecento architecture. The structure of the thesis is divided into three parts: The first part focuses on the cultural relationship between Augsburg and Italy and reconsiders Holl’s contacts with Italian Renaissance architecture, from visual experience on his journey to Venice in winter 1600/01 and from major Italian treatises of the time. Holl’s Italian journey, albeit very short, represents an important parallel to the two trips undertaken by his famous English colleague Inigo Jones (1573–1646). The importance of Holl’s Italian travel and its influence on the Neue Bau will be researched in detail. The second part reviews the building’s history. Its original appearance will be reconstructed, which also means to consider the rebuilding after World War II. The third part analyzes the form and order system and re-examines the important Italian Cinquecento city palaces, which influenced the building’s design. In particular, Bramante’s Palazzo Caprini in Rome (ca. 1510), the Venetian city palaces and edifices designed by Michele Sanmicheli (1484–1559), Jacopo Sansovino (1486–1570) and Andrea Palladio (1508–80) will be discussed. As an¬other principal source for the Neue Bau, Sebastiano Serlio’s architectural treatise (Venice 1584) will be surveyed. To understand the meaning of the façade design of the Neue Bau and its significance in the urban context of the Perlachplatz, the similar square renovation of the Italian Renaissance and the early seventeenth-century urban renovation program in Augsburg will be also reviewed in this chapter.