日本近現代小說與電影中的武士道生死觀之比較

Abstract

「武士道」作為日本文化的代表性符號，其內涵並非一成不變，而是在近現代歷史的洪流中，被不斷地詮釋、想像與再創造。本論文旨在探討「武士道生死觀」此一核心概念，如何在日本近現代小說與電影中被表述、轉化與重構。本研究選取近現代具代表性的小說和電影進行探討，分析、比較各時期小說電影文本。分析對象涵蓋戰前森鷗外、夏目漱石、芥川龍之介的小說，藉以探討其對武士精神在近代社會中的反思；戰後則以壺井榮、三島由紀夫的作品為例，剖析其對戰爭意識形態的反省與對純粹精神的追求；最後，透過山田洋次導演的「武士三部曲」，觀察當代電影如何以人性化視角重新詮釋武士。戰前作家多藉由描繪近代知識分子承繼武士精神的內心掙扎，詰問武士道的存續價值與內在矛盾。戰後，此議題的討論略有分歧：一方面，如壺井榮、芥川龍之介的作品，透過平民視角批判被國家主義、軍國主義挪用的近代武士道；另一方面，如三島由紀夫，則試圖以死亡美學的詮釋喚回失落的武士精神乃至國家精神。平成時代，山田洋次的電影則將武士「去神話化」，不再聚焦於壯烈的犧牲，轉而刻劃基層武士為守護家庭與個人的日常奮鬥，賦予武士道更為內斂且貼近人性的現代意涵。總上所述，「武士道生死觀」在不同時代的文本中，扮演了映照社會集體心靈的角色。它從一種歷史對傳統精神的緬懷，轉變為戰爭意識形態的工具，再到戰後的反思對象，最終在當代被解構為一種關於個人尊嚴與生存的倫理。本論文透過跨時代、跨媒介的比較分析，探討武士道在不同時代的流動性文化符號，豐富與多變的樣貌。

Bushido, as a representative symbol of Japanese culture, is not a static concept; rather, it has been continuously interpreted, imagined, and recreated throughout the currents of modern history. This thesis aims to explore how the core concept of the"Bushido philosophy of life and death" has been represented, transformed, and reconstructed in modern Japanese novels and films. This study selects and analyzes representative modern novels and films, comparing texts from various periods. The analysis covers pre-war novels by Mori Ogai and Natsume Soseki, exploring their reflections on the samurai spirit in modern society. After the war, the discourse on this topic diverged: on one hand, works by authors like Tsuboi Sakae and Akutagawa Ryūnosuke critique the modern Bushido co-opted by nationalism and militarism from a civilian perspective; on the other hand, figures like Mishima Yukio attempted to reclaim a lost samurai spirit—and by extension, the national spirit—through an interpretation of the aesthetics of death. In the Heisei era, Yamada Yoji's "Samurai Trilogy" demythologizes the samurai, shifting the focus from glorious sacrifice to the daily struggles of low-ranking samurai to protect their families and personal lives, thus imbuing Bushido with a more restrained, humane, and modern significance. In conclusion, the "Bushido philosophy of life and death" has, in the texts of different eras, served as a mirror reflecting the collective social psyche. It has transformed from a nostalgic recollection of a traditional spirit, to atool of wartime ideology, to an object of post-war reflection, and has ultimately been deconstructed in the contemporary era into an ethic of personal dignity and survival. Through a comparative analysis that spans different eras and media, this thesis explores Bushido as a fluid cultural symbol, examining its rich and multifaceted appearance across different periods.