即時新聞環境下花蓮地方記者與政府公關之互動模式與關係類型研究
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2023
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本研究針對地方新聞工作者、政府媒體公關人員採用深度訪談研究方法,以期瞭解:(1)即時新聞環境下,地方記者與消息來源的互動模式;(2)地方記者與消息來源如何建立關係,在關係經營上彼此交換哪些資源,有助於關係的維繫;(3)地方記者與消息來源對於雙方關係類型的判斷,以及採取何種社會交換法則來分配資源。研究結果發現,地方記者因應即時新聞快速又正確的報導環境下,面對採訪區域範圍廣及人力配置不敷所需的條件限制,實務工作上確實需要地方政府媒體公關人員的支援,協助完成新聞工作目標,因此普遍採用競爭性共生模式與消息來源互動,維持與地方政府長期互惠、各取所需之關係,而在即時新聞環境下,首要影響地方記者互動意願的因素為地理臨近性與可靠性,當消息來源越容易被聯繫上,並且在提供訊息前會進行基本查證時,地方記者越有意願接觸消息來源,並進一步發展較密切的互動關係。
從社會交換資源的觀點來看,即時新聞環境下,地方記者與消息來源會藉由資源交換來實現互動目標,研究發現資訊資源為雙方普遍交換的資源,能幫助彼此建立關係,不論從採訪邀請、資料蒐集與新聞報導各階段,都可觀察到雙方藉由資訊做人情,或為取得資訊賣人情等交換情形,研究發現人情資源與資訊資源於關係中的交換能累積信任基礎,有助於維繫雙方的互動關係。
從關係成分的角度而言,雙方之關係組成以工具性成分為主,情感性成分為輔,關係連結程度越弱之地方政府媒體公關人員會比較傾向採用工具性關係,在互動過程中優先考慮公平性,不套人情,也不拉關係,強調一視同仁,相信公平法則較能維繫彼此之間的良好關係。關係連結程度越強之地方政府媒體公關人員及地方記者於關係判斷上越傾向混合性關係類型,當面對社會交換情境時,比較願意考量未來可能的互動,採取相應的人情法則,透過給人情、做面子等情感成分,累積雙方之信任感,維持長久穩定的關係型態。本研究也發現地方記者在關係判斷上不論是混合性關係或工具性關係類型皆會運用人情法則分配資源,其具體表現分為二種類型,(1)人情優先類型:採用的是配合策略;(2)人情兼顧KPI類型:採用的策略為提供說明機會、平衡報導、保持默契但不予理會、交換、立場公正但用字斟酌等五項策略。這些具體行為幫助地方記者精通人情法則發揮社會智能,優化資源配置發揮最大效用,完成即時新聞環境下的工作目標,不至陷入人情困境。
The purpose of the study was to explore the interaction patterns, social exchange resources, and relation types between Hualien’s local journalists and public relation officials in a real-time environment.The study employed in-depth interviews as a study method and interviewed nine Hualien’s local journalists and four public relation officials. The results revealed that Hualien’s local journalists and public relation officials generally employed interaction patterns of competitive symbiosis. The primary interaction factors of access to news sources were geographic proximity and reliability, in a real-time environment. Secondly, information was found to be commonly exchanged resources that helpbuild relationships between the two parties. The exchange of renqing(favor)and information within the relationship accumulates a foundation of trust, which contributes maintain the interactive relationship between both parties.Finally, the relation types regardless of the instrumental tie or the mixed tie of Hualien’s local journalists used renqing(favor)rule which can be categorized into two types: (1)renqing(favor)priority type, employed a cooperative strategy; (2)balance renqing(favor)and KPI type, included providing explanation opportunities, balanced reporting, maintaining tacit understanding while ignoring requests, exchanging, and exercising impartiality while writing news articles.
The purpose of the study was to explore the interaction patterns, social exchange resources, and relation types between Hualien’s local journalists and public relation officials in a real-time environment.The study employed in-depth interviews as a study method and interviewed nine Hualien’s local journalists and four public relation officials. The results revealed that Hualien’s local journalists and public relation officials generally employed interaction patterns of competitive symbiosis. The primary interaction factors of access to news sources were geographic proximity and reliability, in a real-time environment. Secondly, information was found to be commonly exchanged resources that helpbuild relationships between the two parties. The exchange of renqing(favor)and information within the relationship accumulates a foundation of trust, which contributes maintain the interactive relationship between both parties.Finally, the relation types regardless of the instrumental tie or the mixed tie of Hualien’s local journalists used renqing(favor)rule which can be categorized into two types: (1)renqing(favor)priority type, employed a cooperative strategy; (2)balance renqing(favor)and KPI type, included providing explanation opportunities, balanced reporting, maintaining tacit understanding while ignoring requests, exchanging, and exercising impartiality while writing news articles.
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即時新聞, 地方記者, 政府公關, 互動模式, 社會交換資源, 關係類型, Real-Time News, Local Journalists, Government PR, Interaction Patterns, Social Exchange Resources, Relationship Types