游泳運動對青少年心率變異度之影響

Abstract

心跳率是評估運動表現、監控運動強度、運動後恢復效果與過度訓練等生理指標之一。而心跳率會因自律神經活性的調控而表現變異，即所謂心率變異度（heart rate variability，HRV）。目的：探討游泳運動對青少年心率變異度之影響。方法：以健康而自願參與的青少年64名為受試者，年齡12～17歲，其中游泳選手42名，並依其專長距離分為短距離組（n = 18）、中距離組（n = 17）、長距離組（n = 7），以及一般控制組22人。受試者經五分鐘的心率變異度儀器測量，獲得極低頻功率（VLFP）、低頻功率比（LF%）、高頻功率比（HF%）、總功率（TP）等資料，而以 LF% 為評估心臟交感神經活性的指標，HF% 為評估心臟副交感神經活性的指標。並以 SPSS 10.0進行單因子變異數分析（one-way ANOVA）。以最近半年游泳選手比賽之最佳成績排名，換算相對地位量數給予適當運動表現分數，以皮爾遜積差相關求其相關。結果：在 R-R 波間期與 VLFP 方面，長距離組與一般組無顯著差異，而短、中距離兩組與一般組則有顯著差異（p＜.05）；在 LF% 與 HF% 方面，各組皆無顯著差異；在 TP 方面，短、長距離兩組與一般組皆無顯著差異，而中距離組與一般組則有顯著差異（p＜.05）；在游泳運動表現與 HRV 各變數之間，則無顯著相關。結論：青少年接受游泳訓練之後，其交感與副交感神經的活性並無明顯改變；中距離游泳選手的運動訓練方式，對心率變異度有明顯的影響；游泳的運動表現，則與 HRV 無相關性。Heart rate can be used to estimate performance, and to monitor exercise intensity,and recovery. It can also be used as an indication of training status.Heart rate is regulated by the activity of the autonomic nervous system, and the variation is the heart rate variability (HRV). Purpose ：To examine the effects of swimming training on heart rate variability in adolescents（age 12～17）. Methods： Subjects were 64 healthy adolescents who volunteered to participate in the study. Among them, 42 trained swimmers were divided into the short-distance group（SD,n=18）, the medium-distance group（MD,n=17） and the long-distance group（LD,n=7）. The other 22 subjects were the age-matched control group. The HRV data were calculated for 5 minutes for very low-frequency power (VLFP), low-frequency power ratio (LF%), high-frequency power ratio (HF%), and total power (TP). The swimmers were ranked by their best performance for the last 6 months. The results were converted into a relative score for their performance. The sympathetic activity of the heart with LF% and the parasympathetic activity with HF% was estimated. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA（SPSS 10.0）. Pearson，s product-moment correlation was used to obtain coefficient in order to compare the differences. Results: In R-R interval and VLFP, there is little difference between the long-distance group and the general group, but a significant difference (p＜.05) was observed between the short-distance group and the medium-distance group. There is not much difference among the 4 groups in LF% and HF%; In TP, there is little difference between the short and the long-distance groups and the general group, but a significant difference (p＜.05) between medium-distance group and general group was seen, Little differences were shown between swimming performance and HRV. Conclusion: For adolescents, there is no evident change in the sympathetic activity and the parasympathetic activity of the heart after swimming training; The medium-distance swimming has a evident effect on HRV, and swimming performance has no relation to HRV.