《清華大學藏戰國竹簡（捌）～（拾叁）》字根研究

Abstract

本論文以《清華大學藏戰國竹簡（捌）》至《清華大學藏戰國竹簡（拾叁）》為字根分析的材料，針對簡文中的字形進行字根分析，並以唐蘭「自然分類法」為基礎，將析得之字根歸納為七大類。本文析出字根491個，並與前四本楚簡字根研究進行對照比較，歸納出新增字根18個，分別是：〔卩002巽〕、〔卩008 (伏)〕、〔口012告〕、〔口013㱅（噎）〕、〔須004胡〕、〔手028㘝〕、〔風002兮〕、〔火004燮（𤏻）〕、〔木012𣐺〕、〔屮012韭〕、〔酉003酋〕、〔酉009𠁁〕、〔器019典〕、〔器037尺〕、〔絲016玄〕、〔樂006桴（枹）〕、〔樂007彭〕、〔矢012弦〕。本文將字表分為十二欄（數字類則為十三欄），細緻分析字根下所收錄的字形，並呈現簡易孳乳表；同時建置字根之通用、同形、訛形交涉關係表，以揭示戰國楚簡文字書寫與形體變異的趨勢與特徵。以構形本義為分析簡文字形的基礎，並關注字根在戰國楚簡中的形體變化，指出楚簡字根構形能力存在消長現象，分別以「強化」與「弱化」加以指稱。此外，字根初文在字形演變過程中，基於有意或無意的選擇而與特定形體緊密結合，多以組合的形式出現，本文將此趨勢稱為「成組化」。全篇結構分為三章：第一章緒論，說明研究動機、文獻回顧及研究方法與步驟；第二章逐類分析各字根，並附字形圖像與字表說明；第三章總結字根分析成果，逐一闡述本文所新增的字根，探討字根之間的形體交涉，並進一步說明楚簡字根構形能力的消長與成組化現象。This thesis employs “The Tsinghua University Warring States Bamboo Slips (Vol.8-13)”as primary materials for analyzing character roots. Focusing on the graphic forms found in the bamboo texts, the study identifies and categorizes character roots based on Tang Lan’s “natural classification method,” grouping the extracted roots into seven major categories.A total of 491 character roots are extracted through systematic analysis of the graphic structures within the texts. These are then compared with the findings of the four preceding studies on Chu-slip character roots. Through this comparative framework, 18 newly attested roots are identified, namely:〔jié 002 xùn (卩002巽)〕, 〔jié 008 fú (卩008 /伏)〕, 〔kǒu 012 gào (口012告)〕, 〔kǒu 013 yē (口013㱅/噎)〕, 〔xū 004 hú (須004胡)〕, 〔shǒu 028 yǎn (手028㘝)〕, 〔fēng 002 xī (風002兮)〕, 〔huǒ 004 xiè (火004燮/𤏻)〕, 〔mù 012 yù (木012𣐺)〕, 〔chè 012 jiǔ (屮012韭)〕, 〔yǒu 003 qiú (酉003酋)〕, 〔yǒu 009 yǎn (酉009𠁁)〕, 〔qì 019 diǎn (器019典)〕, 〔qì 037 chǐ (器037尺)〕, 〔sī 016 xuán (絲016玄)〕, 〔yuè 006 fú (樂006桴/枹)〕, 〔yuè 007 péng (樂007彭)〕, 〔shǐ 012 xián (矢012弦)〕.The character root tables are organized into twelve analytical columns (thirteen for numerals), each presenting detailed analyses of associated glyphs along with simplified derivation charts. A set of correlation tables is also constructed to reveal the relationships among general, identical, and erroneous root forms, thereby illustrating key patterns and structural variations in Chu-script writing during the Warring States period.Grounded in structural-semantic analysis, this study further explores the morphological development of character roots, identifying phenomena of compositional strengthening and weakening—referring respectively to the rise or decline in the combinatory capacity of roots. Moreover, the study observes that certain roots frequently occur in stable pairings or groupings, either through conscious choice or habitual usage. This tendency is described as grouping (chéngzǔ huà, 成組化).The thesis is structured into three chapters. Chapter One introduces the research motivation, literature review, and methodological framework. Chapter Two presents the classified analysis of character roots, including glyph images and annotated tables. Chapter Three summarizes the results of the root analysis, elaborates on the 18 newly attested roots, examines structural interactions among roots, and discusses the tendencies of strengthening, weakening, and grouping in Chu-script character formation.