串起地方觀光的珍珠！以創新生態系觀點探究學校與地方創生發展模式

Abstract

少子女化帶來廢校日趨嚴重，已具當前迫切性，但如果可有效轉化運用，也是學校及地方振興發展的契機。「學校創生」可以做為振興地方，認識地方，旅行體驗的新路徑，在日本已有諸多案例，但反觀臺灣國情不同，擁有豐富的自然資源或人文歷史，隨著學校創生，可串聯地方特色發展出新型態創意旅遊，蘊藏著無限商機與潛力。地方創生以生態系發展，已有很多呼籲，但以生態系切入的研究仍為不足，目前更缺少納入學校規劃旅遊連結，學校創生旅遊生態系功能仍不完整，學校創生創新生態系理論尚待建構。本研究以Adner創新生態系(Innovation Ecosystem) 觀點，探究學校創生旅遊發展，形塑創新生態系運作，開展創意旅遊模式。本研究是首次全國性廢校創生博論研究，採質化研究之取徑，以多重個案研究 (Multiple-cases study) 切入，聚焦臺灣6個代表性廢校小學，進行田野調查及訪談與實地觀察，從中找出其脈絡化及啟發性，透過不同身分訪談，包含政府官員、實際經營者、小農業者、協會幹部、部落代表、藝術家、導覽員、校友、居民、志工等，共24名受訪，為求檢核訪談大綱，另邀請3位專家進行檢視，歷經5年文獻綜整及場域追蹤，多次深入場域，汲取整體性觀點。最後透過內容分析及資料綜整比對，首度提出「學校創生-創新生態系運作框架」原創觀點，並以永續循環詳細闡明原理，並進一步建構出「學校創生-生態系發展地方創意旅遊」的原創模型，也整理出10種的創意旅遊模式及15種創意空間設計樣態，串起地方旅遊的珍珠，相信本研究對地方創生及學校創生開展，及推動臺灣在地深度創意旅遊，無論實務上或理論擴展，可以帶來更多價值引領與前瞻性的系統思考。

The declining birthrate has precipitated an increasing number of school closures, posing a pressing social challenge. Repurposing these schools effectively presents opportunities for both educational and community revitalization."School revitalization" is emerging as a novel avenue for local rejuvenation, cultural enrichment, and immersive travel experiences. While Japan offers numerous examples, Taiwan's abundant natural resources and cultural heritage uniquely position it to pioneer innovative, creative tourism initiatives through school revitali-zation, promising significant economic benefits. Though there are many calls for local revitali-zation through ecosystem development, past literature from this perspective remains insuffi-cient, particularly regarding the integration of school-based tourism planning. The function of school revitalization within tourism ecosystems is still incomplete, and the innovative ecosys-tem theory for school revitalization is yet to be fully articulated. This study seeks to explore the evolution of school revitalization tourism through the lens of Adner's Innovation Ecosys-tem framework, shaping innovative ecosystems to cultivate models of creative tourism. Rep-resenting the first nationwide doctoral dissertation on school revitalization, this qualitative in-quiry employs multiple case studies, focusing on six representative defunct elementary schools across Taiwan. Through field surveys, interviews, and on-site observations, the study eluci-dates contextual and inspirational insights. Twenty-four interviews were conducted with gov-ernment officials, operators, smallholder farmers, association leaders, tribal representatives, artists, guides, alumni, residents, and volunteers. Three experts were invited for review to en-sure the validity of the interview outline. Over the course of five years of literature review and field tracking, the study has repeatedly visited the sites to gather comprehensive perspectives. Through content analysis and comparative data, the study introduces the"School Revitaliza-tion-Innovation Ecosystem Operational Framework" and outlines dynamic principles. It fur-ther conceptualizes the "School Revitalization-Local Creative Tourism Development" model, delineating ten creative tourism strategies and fifteen types of innovative space designs inte-grating local tourism elements. This research aims to offer valuable insights and systematic ap-proaches to advancing school revitalization and fostering profound creative tourism initiatives in Taiwan.