一線社工童年逆境經驗與替代性創傷之相關研究：探討社會支持之調節效果

Abstract

社會工作是一門助人的專業，嘗試改善服務對象的生活逆境，而替代性創傷是與創傷個案工作時常見的職業風險，會因著創傷工作情形、個人過去經驗而有不同的影響。本研究旨在探討一線社工童年逆境經驗與替代性創傷之關係，並以社會支持作為調節變項，探究社會支持與童年逆境經驗交互作用後，對替代性創傷的調節效果。採用量化研究中的問卷調查法，以便利抽樣方式，招募20歲以上、從事社會工作直接服務、具社工師考試資格或具社工師證照、服務對象包含創傷個案、服務於臺灣之社工填答問卷，共計回收有效問卷365份。本研究問卷內容包含「背景資料」、「替代性創傷量表」、「社會支持量表」與「童年逆境經驗」。以SPSS統計軟體進行資料分析，包含信度分析、因素分析、描述性統計分析、t檢定、變異數分析、卡方檢定、皮爾森積差相關分析、多元階層迴歸分析。研究結果主要發現如下： 一、一線社工替代性創傷為中等偏低程度，替代性創傷情形介於「偶爾」至「有時」之間。替代性創傷五構面中，以自我參考架構構面分數最高，而記憶與知覺構面分數最低。 二、受訪一線社工中有75.3%曾經歷過至少一種童年逆境經驗，其中有34.8%曾經歷過4種以上童年逆境經驗。 三、一線社工整體社會支持為中等偏高程度。各支持來源程度，以來自同事的支持程度最高，而來自家人的支持程度最低。 四、背景資料與替代性創傷關係方面，工作年資、每月平均創傷個案量（分組）、每週平均接觸創傷個案時數，與替代性創傷達顯著差異。 五、童年逆境經驗與替代性創傷之關係方面，曾經歷過童年逆境經驗者替代性創傷顯著高於未曾經歷過童年逆境經驗者；童年逆境經驗總分與替代性創傷呈顯著正相關。 六、社會支持的調節效果方面，僅朋友工具性支持與童年逆境經驗總分交互作用後，會調節替代性創傷程度。 依據研究發現，本研究分別針對社會工作教育、社會工作實務與個人、未來研究三個層面，提出相關建議，期許未來能夠有更多相關討論。

Social work is a helping profession that assists clients in coping with life adversities. Vicarious trauma constitutes a common occupational hazard encountered when working with traumatized clients, and its impact varies according to the conditions of trauma work and the practitioner’s personal historical experiences. This study aims to examine the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and vicarious trauma (VT) among social workers in Taiwan, and to examine the moderating effect of social support.An online survey was implemented using convenience sampling from July to October 2024 in Taiwan. Participants need to meet five criteria: (1) being at least 20 years of age, (2) being engaged indirect social work services, (3) having the qualification to take the social worker license exam or holding a social worker license, (4) providing services to clients with trauma experiences, and (5) providing services in Taiwan. In the end, 365 questionnaires were collected.Participants completed questions about socio-demographic characteristics, vicarious trauma scale, social support scale, and adverse childhood experiences. All statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS version 23.0, including reliability analysis, factor analysis, descriptive statistics analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Chi-square test, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple hierarchical regression analysis.The main findings of this study are as follows:1.Results indicated that social workers’ vicarious trauma was moderate to low, occurring between “occasionally” and “sometimes.” Among the constructivist self-development theory (CSDT), the “frame of reference” had the highest score, while the “memory system and perception” had the lowest score.2.Results indicated that 75.3% of social workers had experienced at least one type of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and 34.8% had experienced four or more types of ACEs.3.Results indicated that social workers reported a moderate to high level of overall social support. Among the sources of support, support from colleagues was the highest, while support from family was the lowest.4.Years of social work experience, average number of trauma clients per month (grouped), and average weekly hours working with trauma clients showed statistically significant differences in vicarious trauma.5.Social workers who had experienced ACEs had significantly higher levels of vicarious trauma than those who had not. In addition, total ACEs scores were significantly positively associated with vicarious trauma.6.Results showed that instrumental support from friends significantly moderated the relationship between total ACEs scores and vicarious trauma.Based on these research findings, this study proposes recommendations for social work education, practice, and future research. Further exploration of these issues is encouraged.