學生空間認知特性在國中區域地理教學的應用---以楊梅國中為例

Abstract

九年一貫思潮強調以學生為中心的教學，施添福也曾點出「空間」概念是地理學中重要的研究傳統。因此地理要教好，必要去深入了解學生的「空間認知」。這個動機驅使本文朝向空間認知和地理教學研究。 要如何洞悉學生的空間認知？已有多位學者探討。但這些空間認知在地理教學應用的實際成效又如何？卻幾乎沒有探討。因此本研究第一個目的是找出楊梅國中各年級學生的空間認知特性。第二個目的是依此認知特性，提出教學原則進行教學實驗，探討其對學生的學習成效。 本研究方法，先依獨立樣本T檢定選出各年級起點行為相同的兩班，分為實驗和對照班。實驗班取地理成就位於中位數且男女各五位的學生們進行兩次的認知圖繪製。經由文獻回顧，本文整理出分析認知圖的八項指標，接著對學生兩次繪製的認知圖分析，若每個指標顯現比率在84.13%以上者，即被視為學生具有此空間認知特性。接著，依學生的空間認知特性轉化成教學原則，進行實驗班的教案撰寫；對照班教案則未參考學生的空間認知的轉化原則。兩班的評量卷相同，且依地理教學評量原則和單元教學目標來設計。 最後，在不影響學生學習、教師教學進度的情況下進行教學實驗。實驗前先告知學生們並進行連續四次架設攝影的教學，以求學生習慣。 至於在教學結果的分析部分，評量卷分數進行相依樣本T檢定，求證此次成績和平日成績的差異程度。另設計有學生問卷，依教案中實驗班和對照班在教材組織不同處來設計問卷的題目。若問卷題目中學生答「是」人數達全班84.13%比率以上時，則代表學生肯定此教學原則。 本研究發現七年級、八年級空間認知特性相近，八年級更呈現學生會依賴「較簡單」的地圖和照片來認知空間。九年級空間認知特性與七、八年級不同處在於會選擇經濟發達區作為繪製認知圖的定錨點，且會優先選擇明顯地標為定錨點。 空間認知特性應用在區域地理教材組織，評量分數的分析顯示，七年級的成效最大，八年級成效次之，九年級的成效不顯著。問卷的整理則歸納出各年級地理教學原則，以作為國中區域地理教學的參考。

關鍵字：空間認知、國中區域地理教學The ideological trend of The Grade 1-9 Curriculum emphasizes the student core teaching and Shi Tian-Fu had also pointed out the concept of ‘space’is the crucial research tradition in Geography. Hence, if we wish teach Geography well, it`s necessary to understand the ‘spatial cognition’of students deeply. This incentive bends this paper toward the research of spatial cognition and Geography teaching. How do we understand spatial cognition of students thoroughly? This sphere had been treated by many scholars. How many practical effects do these spatial cognitions in the application of Geography teaching? This sphere had almost not been treated. Therefore the first goal of this paper is to find out the spatial cognition characteristics of Yang-Mei junior high school each grade students. The second goal is to offer the teaching principles designed with these spatial cognitions from the first goal and to treat the effect in student learning with the teaching experiment. In this paper method aspect, the experiment and the contrast class are from each grade the same pre-qualified knowledge two classes chosen by Independent-Sample T Test. Students including each five male and female in mean level Geography achievement from the experiment class draw their cognition map twice. The students’ twice cognition maps are analyzed with eight indexes from experts’ documents. The students’ spatial cognition characteristics are from these eight indexes whose appearance proportion is up to 84.13%. The lesson plan of the experiment class is with the teaching principles from the students’ spatial cognition characteristics, but the contrast one isn’t with these characteristics. Both of the two classes are used the same examination paper designed with the examination principles and unit teaching objectives of Geography teaching. The teaching experiments are practiced without interference in students’learning and the scheduled teaching progress. Students are told and taught with a camera four times in order to be accustomed to the style teaching. In the analysis of the teaching result segment, the difference in the scores between this test and peacetime average is proved with Paired-Sample T Test. In the other hand, the student questionnaire is designed from the differences in the teaching principles between the experiment and contrast classes. The teaching principles acknowledged by the students hinge on the 84.13% appearance proportion of the principles represented by the questions in the questionnaire which the students answer‘yes’up to 84.13%. It is found that the seventh grade spatial cognition characteristics are similar to the eighth. The eighth grade students cognize the space depending on‘more brief’maps and pictures. The ninth grade students are different from the seventh and eighth and chose the prosperous zone as their anchor points in drawing spatial cognition map and the prior anchor point on obvious landmarks. In the effect of application of spatial cognition characteristics on the teaching of regional Geography, the analysis of examination scores shows the effect in the seventh is the most; the eighth is more, but the ninth isn’t notable. The each grade Geography teaching principles induced from the arrangement of the questionnaires could be reference resources in junior high school regional Geography teaching.

Keywords: Spatial cognition , The teaching of junior high school regional Geography