流動與鑲嵌─台灣資訊軟體產業區位分析)

Abstract

在資訊技術發達的今日，空間抗阻降低，通訊、運輸技術不斷的改良，使得資金、資訊和貨物的流動突破時空限制，更容易流動。廠商的「區位」似乎不再那麼重要，然而事實上，可以見到廠商在選擇區位時，「聚集」現象仍然存在，甚至更為明顯。產業並非分散於各個區域，而是高度聚集在某些特定的區域，以台灣資訊軟體業來說，自1956年IBM來台設立分公司開始，在空間分布上高度集中在都市地區，尤以台北都會區更呈現明顯聚集的經濟地景。本研究目的在於探究台灣資訊軟體產業聚集於台北都會區的原因，文中探究軟體廠商「產業網絡」的建構、維持與權力關係，並探討技術勞動力「技術社群」的形成、流動以及對產業創新與技術擴散的影響，以及通訊基礎設施、創業資金與產業管理體系等制度與非制度面向對廠商學習、創新能力的影響，藉此來分析軟體產業空間聚集的現象。在知識經濟時代中，知識轉化及傳播速度極為快速，學習能力的高低成為決定競爭力的關鍵要素，經由生產經驗所累積之技術與知識能量，往往形成地區的獨特優勢，而此種知識累積也增強地方的學習能力，藉由互動中進行且將不同知識整合成新知識的學習能力，此種學習正是創新的主要來源。透過生產網絡與人際網絡所建構出來的關係，使得「學習」可以進行，學習不僅讓已符碼化知識可順利模仿、擴散，更重要的是默示知識(tacit knowledge)經由互動中習得，透過工作上的合作，廠商與廠商之間、技術勞動力彼此之間編織岀緊密且複雜的網絡，網絡提供了默示知識傳遞的管道，讓行動者能藉由互動中分享彼此的知識和技術，並藉由互動中學習，將不同知識整合成新知識，讓創新成為可能。這樣的互動學習與空間鄰近具有高度關聯，學習的過程乃是一個互動的過程，透過緊密頻繁的互動才能將技術知識中的默示知識傳遞、擴散，台灣資訊軟體產業廠商的集體學習藉由具有信任基礎的社會網絡得以發生，而台北都會區也在產業網絡發展的過程中累積了技術和知識能量，形成地方上特有的慣習、互信、價值觀等關係資產，此種關係資產讓台北都會區不再只是一個容納廠商的空間容器，而是一個讓知識、想法可以流動，廠商緊密互動集體學習的學習性區域！

Since 1956 IBM established subsidiary company in Taiwan, software firms had highly clustered in the metropolis area, especially in Taipei. This article analyzes why Taiwan software firms cluster in Taipei and the following aspects are considered to explain the phenomenon: 1. The construction, maintenance and the relation of industrial network. 2. How dose the formation and flow of the technological community influence the industrial innovation and technology diffusion? 3. How dose communication infrastructure, start-up fund system, industrial management system influence the learning and innovation capability of firms? In knowledge economy age, the transformation and diffusion of knowledge is extremely fast. The learning capability is essential to be competitive. The accumulation of knowledge often becomes the unique advantage of the region and also enhances the learning capability. This kind of learning that integrates different kinds of knowledge into new knowledge is the origin of many important innovations. The relation that constructs by industrial network and interpersonal network let learning carry on. Learning not only let codified knowledge easy to imitate, but also let tacit knowledge easy to learn by close interaction. The network between firm and firm, labor and labor provides the channel that tacit knowledge flow. Actors share and learn knowledge and technology by close interaction, and integrate different kinds knowledge into new knowledge. This makes innovation possible. Such learning by close interaction depends on firm clustering. In other words, social network help the collective learning of Taiwan software firms effectively. In the process, relational asset including special custom, trust, and value, make Taipei metropolitan more than a spatial vessel but a learning region that enable ideas flowing and collective learning happening.