臺灣民眾實踐氣候變遷減緩行為的阻礙——以臺北市為例

Abstract

2050年實現淨零排放是全球130多個國家的共同目標，除了能源和企業的轉型外，人們的日常生活和社會參與也是至關重要的一環。個人行為對於減緩氣候變遷具有巨大的潛力，然而從減碳行為意圖到真正落實之間，仍存在一些障礙。本研究以臺北市民為例，以混合研究設計討論臺灣民眾實踐氣候變遷減緩行為的阻礙，透過32場訪談的結果顯示，臺北市民的阻礙可以分為21種。個人層面的15項障礙包括：對氣候變遷的認知有限、對氣候變遷風險的感知、沉沒成本以及拒絕改變生活方式。社會層面的6項障礙涵蓋了與他人比較和感知計劃不足等問題。根據此21項障礙建立量表，並結合氣候變遷風險識覺、環境態度、世界觀和個人背景資料等問題，以網路問卷方式探討這些因素對人們實踐減緩行為意圖的影響。主成分分析將21項障礙分為四類：沒有必要、成本、效能感和缺乏機會。多元迴歸結果發現，「成本」是影響人們是否願意實踐減碳行為的重要阻礙因素，人們如果感受到改變飲食習慣、少開冷暖氣或更換節能家電要付出的成本愈高，就愈不願意實踐這些減碳行為；「效能感」是預測人們是否願意改變交通習慣與少開冷暖氣的顯著變數。除了改變交通方式這項減碳行為之外，氣候變遷風險識覺是預測其他減碳行為意圖的重要因子。另外，人們原有的飲食與交通生活習慣也阻礙了改變飲食與交通的減碳行為意圖，結果顯示女性更願意改變飲食習慣，大學及大學以下的人更願意改變交通習慣。年齡與家庭狀況是影響人們購買綠色產品的重要變數，相較於年長者，年輕與壯年的人更願意購買綠色產品，而未婚或沒有小孩的人也比較願意購買綠色產品。對於改變飲食習慣或少開冷暖氣這樣相對困難、代價高的，或不方便的減碳行為，最大的阻礙是「成本」，因此可以藉由改變外部因素來提升人們的行為意圖；「沒有必要」阻礙了容易執行的減碳行為，例如購買綠色產品。因此，加強氣候變遷的公眾溝通及拓展多元資訊傳遞渠道，是強化公眾氣候變遷風險識覺和環境態度的重要策略。The goal of over 130 countries worldwide is to accomplish Net Zero by 2025. In addition to energy and enterprise transformation, personal daily life and public social engagement are crucial. Personal behavior holds significant potential for mitigating climate change. Nevertheless, there are still barriers between the intention to reduce carbon and actual implementation.This study utilized mixed methods to identify barriers to engaging in climate change mitigation behaviors among Taipei citizens. According to the results of 32 interviews, 21 types of barriers were identified. The 15 barriers at the individual level include limited cognition of climate change, perceived risk of climate change, sunk costs, and reluctance to change lifestyles. The 6 social-level barriers include comparisons with others and perceived program inadequacy.Based on these 21 barriers, a scale was developed incorporating risk perception, environmental attitude, worldview, and personal background data. The study used an online questionnaire to investigate how these factors impact the intention to engage in mitigation behaviors. The principal component analysis identified four barrier components: Unnecessary, Cost, Efficacy, and Lack of Opportunity.The result of multiple regression analysis demonstrates that Cost is an important barrier to engaging in mitigation behaviors. If people perceive changing their diet habits, using less air conditioning and heating, or replacing energy-efficient appliances as more costly, they are less willing to engage in these behaviors. Efficacy is a significant variable in predicting the behavioral intention to change transportation habits and use less air conditioning and heating. Aside from changing transportation habits, climate change risk perception is a crucial factor in predicting other mitigation behavioral intentions. Additionally, people's existing dietary and transportation habits hinder their intentions to adopt mitigation behaviors. However, women are more willing to change their dietary habits, and individuals with a college education or below are more willing to change their transportation habits. Age and family status are important variables influencing purchasing green products. Compared to older individuals, younger and middle-aged people are more willing to purchase green products. Likewise, unmarried individuals or those without children are also more willing to purchase green products.Cost is the most substantial barrier to relatively difficult, costly, or inconvenient behaviors such as changing diet habits or using less air conditioning and heating. Thus, it can be improving external conditions may enhance people's behavioral intentions; Unnecessary impedes easily performed behavior, for example buying green products. Therefore, strengthening public communication about climate change and expanding diverse information channels are crucial strategies to reinforce public climate change risk perception and environmental attitude.