故鄉或他鄉——葡萄牙第二代與1.5代華裔移民身分認同之研究
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2022
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上個世紀八十年代，受經濟等原因相吸，移入葡萄牙的華人移民人數達到一個小高峰。這些較有代表性的華人第一代移民於當地紮根、發展，其後代子女也成長為獨當一面的青年。與第一代移民相比，第二代和1.5代普遍更有語言優勢，第二代則被認為相對更能融入葡萄牙社會。然而，作為葡萄牙華裔，他們的身分認同又是如何的？是否存在哪些不同之處？本研究基於這個核心問題展開，旨在探討葡萄牙華裔青年身分認同之情形，包括認同的差異、形塑認同之差異的因素，以及認同可能帶來的影響。為此，邀請十位年齡介於18歲至30歲之間的華裔青年，採半結構式訪談，收集有關家庭背景、求學經歷、社群交際、歸屬感和歧視經驗等分析資料。根據研究結果，葡萄牙第二代與1.5華裔青年的身分認同存在明顯差異，1.5代較第二代更能認同中國人身分，其中第二代認同中國人身分有之、認同葡萄牙人身分有之，游離於兩者的亦有之。在形成認同的差異方面，既夾雜了歸屬感的需求，也涉及了多重認同的選擇。最後，他們的認同將影響他們的流動意願、族群忠誠感和對於婚戀的選擇。
Due to the economic and other factors, the number of Chinese immigrants has grown in Portugal in 1980s. These relatively representative Chinese first-generation immigrants had settled and developed in the local area, and their descendants also become independent individual. Compared with the first generation, the generations 2.0 and 1.5 generally have better language skills, and the second generation is considered to be relatively more integrated into Portuguese society. However, as a Portuguese-Chinese, how they define themselves? Are there any differences?Based on this crucial question, this study aims to explore the identity of Portuguese-Chinese youth, including the different types in identities, the way it was shaped, and the possible effects it leads. For this purpose, ten Chinese youths between the ages of 18 and 30 were invited to semi-structured interviews to be collected analytical data on family background, schooling experience, social communication, sense of belonging, and experience of discrimination.According to the research results, there are obvious differences in the identities of generation 2.0 and 1.5. The 1.5-generation is more likely to identify themselves as a Chinese than the second-generation. The second-generation not only expressed their preference of being Chinese, but also Portuguese and in–between. In terms of differences of identity formation, the demand of belongingness and multiple identities’ choice were involved. Finally, their identity will influence their willingness to move, their sense of ethnic loyalty, and their choice of intimate relationships.
Due to the economic and other factors, the number of Chinese immigrants has grown in Portugal in 1980s. These relatively representative Chinese first-generation immigrants had settled and developed in the local area, and their descendants also become independent individual. Compared with the first generation, the generations 2.0 and 1.5 generally have better language skills, and the second generation is considered to be relatively more integrated into Portuguese society. However, as a Portuguese-Chinese, how they define themselves? Are there any differences?Based on this crucial question, this study aims to explore the identity of Portuguese-Chinese youth, including the different types in identities, the way it was shaped, and the possible effects it leads. For this purpose, ten Chinese youths between the ages of 18 and 30 were invited to semi-structured interviews to be collected analytical data on family background, schooling experience, social communication, sense of belonging, and experience of discrimination.According to the research results, there are obvious differences in the identities of generation 2.0 and 1.5. The 1.5-generation is more likely to identify themselves as a Chinese than the second-generation. The second-generation not only expressed their preference of being Chinese, but also Portuguese and in–between. In terms of differences of identity formation, the demand of belongingness and multiple identities’ choice were involved. Finally, their identity will influence their willingness to move, their sense of ethnic loyalty, and their choice of intimate relationships.
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葡萄牙華裔, 移民認同, 第二代, 1.5代, Portuguese-Chinese, immigrant identity, second generation, 1.5 generation