晚清中國遊歷使傅雲龍赴日考察的教育見聞與影響

Abstract

中英第二次鴉片戰爭後，清朝國際形象大衰，東亞朝貢體制被西方條約體制取代，中國近代外交體制在總理各國事務衙門成立後正式成形。晚清派員出使及駐外，其被賦予蒐集外國資訊的職責，成為清廷認識西方的重要途徑之一；並隨自強運動推進，創設「遊歷使制度」，遴派對邊防、商貿、交通、外交等有識者赴外考察。日本因地理位置、國際處境、文化民情皆與中國相近，成為觀摩的主要對象。傅雲龍是中國首位赴日官派遊歷使，一生勤於治學，對漢學及西學均有研究，有大量著述，且曾編修地方志。赴外遊歷期間，傅氏積極記錄外國的歷史沿革、山川物產、風俗民情及政經情勢，著有《遊歷日本圖經》，收錄大量輿圖及統計圖表，以反映日本明治維新的改革事實，另附《遊歷日本圖經餘記》，以日記形式補充遊歷見聞，並依察成果對清廷提出建言。本研究旨在探討傅雲龍赴日考察報告《遊歷日本圖經》、《遊歷日本圖經餘記》中的教育見聞，再將傅氏考察報告與同行遊歷使顧厚焜的《日本新政考》、首任駐日參贊黃遵憲的《日本國志》做比對，進而分析其對晚清教育改革的影響。本研究重要發現如下：壹、 晚清自強運動期間有中西學體用之辯，對日本有「輕視與效法」、「親近與提防」的矛盾關係。與此同時，日本面臨西學及道德教育的資源競爭，對中國有「敬重與輕蔑」與「聯合與侵略」之爭。傅氏訪日期間，多接觸「聯亞論」者。貳、 傅雲龍早年兼治中西學，尤用心訓詁、目錄、兵制、地理、方誌等學。遊歷期間多次對清廷建言，歸國後致力辦理洋務，積極倡導工業技術及地圖學等，為晚清傳統知識分子近代轉型的寫照。參、 傅雲龍撰寫《遊歷日本圖經》，強烈希望能供清廷推動制度改革參考，故開創以圖經為主的報告體例，強調地圖與統計數據的重要性，以忠實呈現日本明治維新後的實況。肆、 傅雲龍《遊歷日本圖經》的教育統計數據，經分析多能反映當時日本頒布教育新令的前因後果。伍、 傅雲龍赴日遊歷期間，多次考察教育相關機構，並積極查閱文部省最新出版年報，掌握最新消息，此為其他遊記所無。他對女子教育、特殊教育尤其讚賞，亦肯定其技術人才的培育成果。陸、 傅雲龍雖未能直接參與晚清西式兩學制的訂定，但他對推廣圖算學及校訂西文譯書皆有貢獻。After the Second Sino-British Opium War, the international image of the Qing dynasty declined significantly. The East Asian tribute system was replaced by the Western treaty system, and China's modern diplomatic system was established after the establishment of Zongli Yamen. Those delegates and missions had to collect international information, which became one of the important ways for the Qing government to acquaint western world. With the advancement of the Self-Strengthening Movement, the “Traveling Envoy System" was initiated to select officials to visit abroad, who were good at border defense, commerce, trade, transportation, and diplomacy. Japan became the main target for visit because her geographical location, international situation, culture and people were similar to China.Yun-Lung Fu was the first Chinese official traveler to Japan. He was good at Confucianism and western learning, and he had many publications and edited gazette. During his travels abroad, Fu actively recorded the history of regions, mountains and rivers, customs and people and political and economic situation. He wrote “Diary of Traveling in Japan” and “Maps and Statistical Charts about Japan in Meiji Era”, which included a large number of maps and statistical charts for reflecting the facts of educational reform of the Meiji Restoration in Japan. Based on his experiences, he recommended several reform suggestions to the Qing government.This aims of this study are to analyze the educational information in “Maps and Statistical Charts about Japan in Meiji Era” and “Diary of Traveling in Japan”, to compare Yun-Lung Fu’s visit reports in Japan with fellow traveler Gu Houkun's " New Politics in Japan”", the first attaché in Japan Huang Zunxian's " History of Japan ", and to analyze his impact on educational reform in late Qing. The main findings of this study are as follows: 1. During the Self-Strengthening movement, there was a debate about “Westernized Chinese style” and the foreign policy to Japan. At the same time, in Japan it disputed over resources between western learning and traditional moral education, and her foreign policy to China. During Fu’s visit, hecontacted with the"Pan-Asianists". 2. In Fu’s early years, he studied Chinese classics and western learning, especially to the doctrines of exegesis, catalogs, military system, geography, and gazette. During his travels, he recommended several proposals to the Qing government. After his return to China, he devoted himself to western learning. He was a good example of the traditional intellectuals in the changing era. 3. In order to help the Qing government to reform institutions, “Maps and Statistical Charts about Japan in Meiji Era” collected many maps and statistical data to reflect the real situation in Japan after the Meiji Restoration.4. To analyze “Maps and Statistical Charts about Japan inMeiji Era”, it could reflect the causes and consequences of the promulgation of new educational orders in Japan at that time.5. During Fu’s visit in Japan, he visited many educational institutions and collected the latest annual reports published by the Ministry of Education, which was not available in other visitors’ reports. He looked particularly up girls' education and special education. He also affirmed the achievements of the training of technical personnel. 6. Although Fu did not directly involve in designing the Western-style school systems in the late Qing, he contributed to the promotion of graphology and the proofreading of Western translations.