跆拳道規則修訂對奧運男子第一量級金牌選手技術之影響

Abstract

本研究旨在探討跆拳道規則修訂與2004、2008及2012奧運男子第一量級金牌選手冠亞賽技術分析。方法：以三屆冠軍選手作為研究對象，蒐集國家代表隊資訊小組記錄片與youtube網站影片，進行影帶觀察，記錄攻擊次數及攻擊技術，使用描述性統計、卡方及單因子變異數進行分析，並訪談一位奧運冠軍選手，深入瞭解規則修改對比賽影響的看法。結果：一、規則改變情形分為五點，（一）競賽管理系統從傳統護具改成電子護具；（二）競賽面積與時間縮減；（三）裁判人數增減；（四）得失分規範，允許攻擊方面軀幹及頭部攻擊面積變寬，得分以動作難度高分數高；（五）勝負評分制度增加驟死賽。二、三屆不同冠軍選手的攻擊型態及攻擊技術之攻擊率、得分率及成功率具顯著差異。三、有關技術規則修改分為五點，（一）競賽面積縮減提升攻擊率。（二）攻擊型態頭部三分提升頭部上端攻擊率及得分率。（三）允許攻擊的部位及頭部高分影響，頭部上端及軀幹中端的可攻擊面積增加，成功率相對提升。（四）電子護具攻擊技術由多樣化攻擊模式轉變成單一攻擊模式。（五）傳統護具與電子護具攻擊型態由後腳改為前腳，得分的攻擊技術增加了前踩。四、從訪談資料得知2004以前打法需要大量體力消耗，2008打法要細膩，2012著重側踩及防守技術，以頭部高分影響比賽。結論：一、為了增加比賽公平性及表現性，做了五點規則上的改變。二、三屆選手在攻擊型態及技術有差異。三、經過有關技術規則修改，三屆冠軍呈現不同型態的表現。四、教練與選手需要瞭解規則，洞悉場上變化，才能運用規則於比賽中。建議：強化電子護具技術，規則瞭解，並參考國際賽會的比賽，增加前瞻性，參與裁判講習提升國際視野。The purpose of this study was to examine the impacts of taekwondo rule Amendments on Techniques of the Olympics Champions in the Male First Class Section in 2004, 2008, and 2012 Olympics. Methods: The data for analysis were obtained from the documentary presented by the information team of the national representative and that on the YouTube. The number and techniques of attacks were recorded and analyze. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square and MANOVA were conducted to analyze the data. An Olympic champion was interviewed to further understand his viewpoints about the impacts of the rule amendments on the competition. The results showed: 1. Five rule changes were (1) The management system transformed from traditional protectors to electronic ones. (2) The competition arena and time had been reduced. (3) The number of referees had been increased. (4) The regulations of getting points: the attacking areas on the body and the head had been increased and more difficult attacking moves were awarded higher scores. (5) Sudden Death was included into the rating system. 2. There was a significant difference among the three champions’ attacking rates, scoring rates, and successful rates regarding their attacking styles and techniques. 3. Five points of the technical rule amendments were: (1) Limiting competition arena increased attacking rates. (2) Successful head attack scored three points, which increased the head attacking and scoring rate. (3) Higher scores of head attack, and the successful rate had been increased due to wider range of attacking areas (4) The attacking style had changed after the use of electronic protectors. (5) The attacking style switched from back legs to front legs. 4. Results from interview suggested that the competition before 2004 demanded great energy consumption, it required refined techniques in 2008, and the winner of 2012 focused on sidekicks and defensive techniques, Conclusions: Five rule amendments were made to improve the fairness of the game and the performances of the players; Differences were found among the champions’ attacking styles and techniques after the technical rule amendments, thus, they demonstrated different styles of performance; To understand the rules and perceive the changes in the arena would help the coaches and the players apply the rules in the competitions. Several suggestions about Taekwondo rule amendments were made for improving the techniques of the Olympic Championship.