地理研究

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    洪堡德所奠立之地理學的一種美學傳統
    (地理學系, 2005-11-??) 池永歆
    地理學界對亞歷山大．馮．洪堡德（Alexander von Humboldt、1769-1859）思想學說的關注，常以作為地理學思想史上的洪堡德而認識他。在論及洪堡德的地理學思想史的專著中，例如哈特向 （Hartshorne）的《地理學的性質》（The Nature of Geography）、狄克生（Dickinson）所撰之《現代地理學的創建者》（The Makers of Modern Geography）或者是詹姆士（James）與馬丁（Martin）所撰寫的《大千世界：地理學理念史》（All Possible World：A History of Geographical Ideas），咸認洪堡德是一位具備博學知識的博物學家以及現代地理學的奠基者、創建人，對許多領域均有豐碩的貢獻。論及洪堡德對地理學的看法，通常包 括：他對系統地理學（systematic geography）發展的貢獻、根據區域現象之相互關聯的整體研究而對個別區域做解釋性描述，以及他強調人是自然的一部分與自然具有合諧與統一性的觀點 （Hartshorne，1939: 78-79、Dickinson、1969、James與Martin，1993: 112-126）等等。 洪堡德的著作對19世紀的影響，擴及許多科學研究的領域，包括：地質學、地球物理學、地理學與生物學等；例如，達爾文（Charles Darwin、1809-1882）在1881年一封給虎克（Hooker）的信中，就形容洪堡德為「曾經存在之最偉大的科學旅行者」（the greatest scientific traveler who ever lived）。當達爾文乘坐獵犬號從事科學探險時，隨身攜帶洪堡德的著作，後來並回憶到這些洪堡德的著作改變他一生的整個過程 （Richards，2003: 92-93）。 美國文學家愛默生（Ralph Waldo Emerson、1803-1882）在洪堡德100歲冥誕時（1869年），曾著專文將其描述為「世界的奇才之一，就像亞里斯多德、就像凱 薩......，他不時地出現，彷彿向我們展現人類理智的潛在價值----一位博學多才的人（a universal man）......。」這位「博學多才的人」的知性遺產（intellectual legacy），對當代人文主義地理學（humanistic geography）的研究具有啟迪作用，這些在人文主義地理學的奠立者段義孚（Yi-Fu Tuan）如下的論述中可清楚地見到（Tuan，1999: 86）： 亞歷山大．馮．洪堡德對我來說是一個英雄，有著明顯的理由。他是現代自然地理學的奠基者，而我做為一名自然地理學者開始我的事業。他對於地理學的探索史做 了出眾的貢獻，並是最先運用景觀畫與詩歌以延伸地理經驗範圍的其中一位----感情、情緒與概念----這些構成人文主義地理學的領域，是我成年歲月的知 性焦點。
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    臺灣東部漁撈活動的時間地理學研究
    (地理學系, 1989-03-??) 陳憲明
    Recent time-geographic studies have focused upon an examination of the conceptual framework of Hagerstrand’s original model, while there has been little applied research except for its introduction to the techniques of urban planning. However, there remain some other fields where it can be applied, since time-geography is fundamentally designed as a common language for the expression of interactions not only between individuals and man-made objects but also between individuals and natural environmental elements. The present article aims to apply certain time-geography notions to observed human behavior under certain natural conditions, and thus to obtain a rational interpretation of individual behavior choices from a time-geographic point of view. As a case study, this article describes some fishermen's daily behavior in Hsingkang (新港), a fishing port in eastern Taiwan. Spatial-temporal paths of spear fishermen aiming to catch giant black marlin (Makaira malina) are described in Fig. 2-4. The paths of long-line fishermen aiming to catch dolphinfin (Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus) are described in Fig. 7-8, and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in Fig. 9-11. From a time-geographic view, these paths are interpreted as follows: Individual behavior is limited by a fisherman's physiology and by the physical capability of his tools. These two factors form a “prism”, which may be transformed by day-to-day weather conditions. Within this “prism” a fisherman's behavior, which aims at coupling with fish in space-time, is influenced by certain natural environmental conditions. There is a spatial condition characterized by the distribution of fishing spots, which is determined by submarine topography. The temporal conditions consist of seasonal and daily fluctuations of prey-food.
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    地理學方法論中的非實證論傳統
    (地理學系, 1987-03-??) 潘朝陽
    Traditionally, geography has always been regarded as a branch of the so-called “positive science”, and as such geography is held to abide by such rigorous scientific inference procedures as hypothesis, collection; evaluation; and analysis of data; verification, establishment of model, and consequently forecasting based on conclusion. Geography derived accordingly is referred to as ‘scientific geography’, the philosophy underlying known as ‘positivism’. The progress of natural sciences which has been advancing vehemently in our times has considerable impacts on the philosophy, since the 19th century positivism has become an emerging trend for methodology, calling for the application of natural sciencse, mathematical and physical models to the study of social phenomena with a view to find out universal law accountable for all that is seen and that which prevails in the cultural and social phenomena everywhere worlwide. Way back following World War II, especially during the 60's and the 70’s, Geography for study has been deeply influenced by theories like positivism and logical positivism, a lot of spatial scientifically oriented theses on the subject of geography came up one after the other, with strong backgrounds of math and physics, especially geometrical spirits, as reflected in the points, segments of line, and surfaces characterising geographical settings. As a matter of fact, there is an ab-positivism philosophy which has been prevailing and outstanding enough in the tradition of the evolution of history, be it ‘Romanticism", “Neo-Kantianism”, “Historicism”, they altogether run contrary to “Naturalism”, “Materialism”, “Empiricism”, and even “Positivism”, any that which favors “Mechanism”, they opposed researching, handling of cultural and social issues by means of natural science in one way or another, but instead they advocated “cultural historical sciences”, with stresses given to humanitarian value, individual meaningfulness, an
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    地理學中的空間觀點
    (地理學系, 1990-03-??) 施添福
    The concept of space is one of the fundamentals of geographical research, and yet, there does not only exist one concept of space, but a multitude, especially it has seen a proliferation of spatial concepts used by geographers during the past two decades. The paper, thus, attempts to trace the development process of spatial viewpoints in the context of “The paradigm cycle”, and to see how geographers have practiced their spatial thinking under different methodological approaches during the past fifty years. Finally, the paper concludes, as Harvey indicated, that “there is no need to take a rigid view of the spatial concept itself either for philosophical purpose or for purposes of empirical investigation”.
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    觀念論地理學
    (地理學系, 1989-03-??) 潘朝陽
    As a important branch of Humanistic Geography, Idealist Geography focuses on the interpretation of human's thought within the geographical phenomena and the understanding of the context of culture-history, and through this way to indicate the meaning and value of geographical phenomena. Idealist Geographer must have sufficient cultural-historical and thoughtful-minded cultivation, because only through them, he or she then has a more deep and thorough under-standing for the regions and geographical phenomena he or she approaches, and only through them, he or she is then able to give humanistic criticism and attention to the nature of approach subjects, and this kind of criticism and attention is just the most fundamental spirit should be possessed by all the idealist geographers and humanistic geographers. This article enumerates three idealist masters, W. Windelband, H. Rickert and R.G. Colling-wood, and construes their ideas that study for human world shall set out from the understand-ing of culture-history and thought-mind. Further, the author touches on Paul Vidal de la Blache's "Genre de vie" to indicate the spirit of idealist has sufficed in the tradition of geography and needed not to take from outside, since the methodology of Genre de vie is through the understanding for one region's culture?history, thought-mind to grasp the uniqueness of the region. Besides, the author also analyzes and points out two Taiwan's geographers' essays in order to indicate the methodology of idealist geography, more or less, has been practically approaches. If examining carefully, we somewhat also can find the contents of idealist geography existed in other geographers' articles.