父母親教養態度、自我意識、拒絕敏感度與社交焦慮之相關研究

Abstract

目的：社交焦慮為一普遍的現象，每個人皆可能會在人際互動中經驗到不同程度的社交焦慮，並因此而影響個人的人際關係與身心健康，嚴重者更可能罹患社交焦慮疾患（social anxiety disorder）。個人如何發展出社交焦慮，從相關文獻可發現，早前父母之關愛與保護可能影響個體日後的社交焦慮，且過往研究亦指出個體的自我意識及人際間的拒絕敏感度，亦與個體的社交焦慮有關。因此本研究有三項目的：（一）探討父母親教養態度、自我意識、拒絕敏感度與社交焦慮之間的關係。（二）了解不同的父母親教養態度類型對個人自我意識、拒絕敏感度與社交焦慮之差異。（三）了解自我意識與拒絕敏感度是否中介父母親教養態度與社交焦慮間的關係。 方法：本研究對象為大學各年級學生共833名，以方便取樣進行抽樣。使用自陳式問卷收集資料，分別是：雙親教養態度量表、自我意識量表、拒絕敏感度量表，以及社交畏懼症評量表。後續並以Pearson積差相關、多變量變異數分析（MANOVA）、共變數分析（ANCOVA）與結構方程模式（SEM）進行統計考驗。 結果：針對研究目的一發現：父親與母親的「關懷」分別與「外表意識」、「內在狀態覺知」皆有顯著正相關；父親的「保護」與「內在狀態覺知」有顯著負相關。母親的「保護」則分別與「外表意識」及「內在狀態覺知」有顯著負相關，並與「一般印象」有顯著正相關。父親與母親的「關懷」分別與所有的拒絕敏感度及社交焦慮向度有顯著負相關；父親與母親的「保護」則分別與所有的拒絕敏感度及社交焦慮向度有顯著正相關。相關結果大部分符合預期。 針對研究目的二發現，不同父親教養類型之大學生，分別在自我意識、拒絕敏感度及社交焦慮的各項度上有顯著差異。不同母親教養類型大學生分別在自我意識與社交焦慮之各向度上皆有顯著差異，拒絕敏感度部份，不同母親教養類型大學生僅在「對晚輩題出個人需要」上有顯著差異。 針對研究目的三則發現：「一般印象」、「外表意識」與「拒絕敏感度」皆具完全中介效果，分別中介父母親教養態度之向度至與二類社交焦慮間的關係。研究並找到三者間的結構模式，結果大致符合預期。 討論：結果呈現不同的父親或母親之教養類型會影響大學生的自我意識、拒絕敏感度及社交焦慮；而父母親教養態度中的不同向度，各會透過自我意識與拒絕敏感度影響大學生的社交焦慮。由此研究結果，討論對臨床實務與早期預防之建議，並說明研究限制與未來可行的研究方向。Motive and Purpose：Social anxiety was a common experience. Not only the patient who had been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder but every person may experienced social anxiety during interpersonal interaction to the varying degree, and therefore affected the interpersonal relationship, and the physical and psychological integrity. Theories and literatures indicated that parents’ care and overprotection may affect their children’s future social anxiety. Also, individual’s self- consciousness, and rejection sensitivity may all possibly related to individual’s social anxiety. There are three research purposes：（1）To understand the correlation among parent’s rearing attitudes, self-consciousness, rejection sensitivity, and social anxiety.（2）To understand the influences of different parental rearing styles toward self- consciousness, rejection sensitivity, and social anxiety.（3）To understand whether self-consciousness and rejection sensitivity mediate the relationship between parent’s rearing attitude and social anxiety. Method：The subjects are 833 college students in various grades , carries on sampling by convenience sampling. The following 4 Self-report questionnaires are used to collect data, including 1.Chinese version of Parental Bonding Instrument, 2.Chinese version of Self-Consciousness Scale, 3.Chinese version of Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire, and 4. Chinese version of Social Phobia Inventory. Pearson correlation, multi-variate analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, structural equation model are applied to analyze the data. Results：for purpose（1）, both paternal and maternal 「care」has significant positive correlation with 「appearance consciousness」and 「internal state awareness」. Paternal 「overprotection」has significant negative correlation with 「internal state awareness」。Maternal 「overprotection」is positively correlates to both 「appearance consciousness」and 「internal state awareness」. Both paternal and maternal 「care」has significant negative correlation with all rejection sensitivity and social anxiety domains, and both paternal and maternal 「overprotection」 has significant positive correlation with all rejection sensitivity and social anxiety domains. For purpose（2）, college students of different paternal rearing styles have significant differences on all self-consciousness, rejection sensitivity, and social anxiety domains. college students of different maternal rearing style have significant differences on all self-consciousness and social anxiety domains, and on 「propose personal needs to the younger generation」rejection sensitivity. For purpose（3）, 「general impression」,「appearance consciousness」, and 「rejection sensitivity」all possesses complete mediation effect, each seperately mediates the relationship between parents’ rearing attitudes and two social anxiety domains. And research also found the structural model among those variables. Discussion：this study confirms that paternal/maternal rearing styles affects self-consciousness, rejection sensitivity, and social anxiety of college students, and the different domains of paternal/maternal rearing attitudes sepaerately affects the social anxiety of college students via their self-consciousness and rejection sensitivity. Study implications, limitations, and future research directions are also addressed.